| Bwana Devil | |
|---|---|
Theatrical release poster |
|
| Directed by | Arch Oboler |
| Produced by | Producer: Arch Oboler Associate producer: Sidney W. Pink |
| Written by | Arch Oboler |
| Starring | Robert Stack Barbara Britton Nigel Bruce Ramsay Hill Paul McVey Hope Miller |
| Music by | Gordon Jenkins |
| Cinematography | Joseph F. Biroc |
| Editing by | John Hoffman |
| Distributed by | Limited release: Arch Oboler Productions Wide release: United Artists |
| Release date(s) | November 30, 1952 |
| Running time | 79 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $400,000 |
Bwana Devil is a 1952 drama based on the true story of the Tsavo maneaters. It was written, directed, and produced by Arch Oboler, and is considered the first color, American 3-D feature. It started the 3-D boom in the U.S. film making industry from 1952 to 1954. It stars Robert Stack, Barbara Britton and Nigel Bruce.[1][2]
The film's tagline was: The Miracle of the Age!!! A LION in your lap! A LOVER in your arms!
Contents |
The film is set in British East Africa in the early 20th century. Thousands of workers are building the Uganda Railway, Africa's first railroad, and intense heat and sickness make it a formidable task. Two men in charge of the mission are Jack Hayward and Dr. Angus Ross. A pair of man-eating lions are on the loose and completely disrupt the undertaking. Hayward desperately attempts to overcome the situation, but the slaughter continues.
Britain sends three big-game hunters to kill the lions. With them comes Jack's wife. After the game hunters are killed by the lions, Jack sets out once and for all to kill them. A grim battle between Jack and the lions endangers both Jack and his wife. Jack kills the lions and proves he is not a weakling.
| Role | Actor |
|---|---|
| Jack Hayward | Robert Stack |
| Dr. Angus Ross | Nigel Bruce |
| Alice Hayward | Barbara Britton |
| Major Parkhurst | Ramsay Hill |
| Commissioner | Paul McVey |
By 1951 film attendance had fallen dramatically from 90 million in 1948 to 46 million. Television was seen as the culprit and Hollywood was looking for a way to lure audiences back. Cinerama had premiered September 30, 1952, at the Broadway Theater in New York achieved a good deal of success,but its bulky and expensive three-camera system was impractical, if not impossible, to duplicate in all but the largest theaters.
One time screen writer Milton Gunzburg and his brother Julian thought they had a solution with their Natural Vision 3-D film process. They shopped it around Hollywood with little or no interest. 20th Century Fox was focusing on the introduction of CinemaScope, and had no interest in another new process. Both Columbia and Paramount passed it up. Only John Arnold, who headed the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer camera department, was impressed enough to convince MGM to take an option on it, but they quickly let the option lapse. Natural Vision appeared to be dead and that the Gunzburgs had to restart until a meeting with Arch Oboler changed the history of films.
On November 26, 1952, at the Paramount Theatre (Oakland, California), took place the premiere screening of Bwana Devil, the first full-length, color 3-D, a.k.a. "Natural Vision", motion picture. Life magazine photographer J. R. Eyerman took a series of photos of the audience wearing 3D glasses. Life magazine used one of the photos as the cover of a brochure about the 1946-1955 decade.[3] The photo employed by Debord shows the audience in "a virtually trance-like state of absorption, their faces grim, their lips pursed;" however, in the one chosen by Life, "the spectators are laughing, their expressions of hilarity conveying the pleasure of an uproarious, active spectatorship."[4] Debord version is also flipped left to right, and cropped.[5]
Milton Gunzburg turned his focus to independent producers and demonstrated Natural Vision to Arch Oboler, producer and writer of radio's popular Lights Out show, who was impressed enough to option it for his next film project, The Lions of Gulu. Oboler and co-producer Sid Pink scrapped 10 days of footage and started over using the Natural Vision process.
The film was based on a well-known historical event, that of the Tsavo maneaters, in which many workers building the Uganda Railway were killed. The incident was also the basis for The Man-eaters of Tsavo, the true story of the events written and published in 1907 by Lt. Col. J.H. Patterson, the British engineer who dispatched the animals. It was also the basis for the 1996 film The Ghost and the Darkness with Michael Douglas and Val Kilmer.
The Paramount Ranch, now located in The Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area, sat in for an African savanna. There is a now a hiking trail in the area named "The Bwana Trail" to denote the locations used in Bwana Devil. Authentic African footage previously recorded by Arch Oboler in 1948 (in 2-D) was incorporated into the film. Ansco color film was used, instead of the more expensive and cumbersome Technicolor process.
The film premiered under the banner of "Arch Oboler Productions" on November 26, 1952 at the Paramount Theatres in Hollywood and Los Angeles. The film was a critical failure, but a runaway success with audiences. Premieres followed in San Francisco on December 13, Philadelphia, Dallas, Houston and San Antonio openings on December 25 and New York on February 18, 1953. Robert Clampett produced M.L. Gunzburg presents 3-D featuring Beany and Cecil was originally screened preceding the film. Long thought lost, the short apperared alongside Bwana Devil in 2003 and 2006 at the Egyptian Theater.
United Artists bought the rights to Bwana Devil from "Arch Oboler Productions" for $500,000 and a share of the profits and began a wide release of the film in March as a "United Artists" film. A lawsuit followed, in which producer Edward L. Alperson Jr. claimed that he was part owner in the film after purchasing a part of it for $1,000,000 USD. The courts decided in Oboler's favor, as Alperson's claim was unsubstantiated and "under the table".
The other major studios reacted by releasing their own 3-D films. Warner Brothers optioned the Natural Vision process for House of Wax. It premiered on April 10, 1953 and was advertised as "the first 3-D release by a major studio". In truth, Columbia had trumped them by two days with their release of Man in the Dark on April 8, 1953.